Biology 11 Notes

Biodiversity

Major Characteristics of Kingdoms

Bacteria

- Organized based on: cell shape, cell wall and mobility

- Cell Shape: Cocci - berries, bacilli- rod, spirochetes - hair

- Movement - flagella (whip tail) or slimy mucous

- Nutrition: heterotroph, photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph

- Reproduce:

Binary fission - replicate themselves

Transformation - take dna from environment

Conjugation - two bacterial cells join and share dna

Transduction -viruses infect + inject dna

Endospore - dormant stage

Fungi

- Hyphae - threads of cytoplasm (veins throughout the plant)

- Mycelium - underground network

- Fruiting body is above

- Eukaryotic

- Multicellular

- Cell walls: chitin

- Nutrition: heteroptroph

o Secretes chemicals, then decomposes organic matter

- Reproduction: sexual ( + and - spores)  zygospore  sporangium (large combined seed)  smaller spores (seeds), asexual spores

o Fungi classified by reproduction

Protists

- "etc. kingdom"

- Unicellular/ colonial

- Expected to be sorted, eventually

Evolution of protists -> eukaryotes

1. Infolding of membranes - Plasma membrane infolded, forming ER, golgi apparatus and nuclear envelope --- all made of phospholipid bilayer

2. Serial Endosymbiosis - Prokaryotes, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, became consumed, but remained in cell because of symbiotic relationship. Became integrated

- Movement: Pseudopodia - ameba/ extending membrane, Flagellum - long tails, cilia - small hairs, Wind/H2O/Animals

- Reproduction: Asexual Mitosis, Paramecium - conjugation, Plasmodium - mosquito bites human, liver infected and cells burst, protist enters bloodstream, mosquito bites again, plasmodium enters mosquito and sexually reproduces in mos.

Animal Like Plant Like Fungi Like

- Heterotroph: Ingests smaller pray

- Amoeba - Autotrophs: Photosynthesis

- Cellulose

- Dinofalgellate

- Algae - Hetetrophs: Decaying matter

- Plasmodium - single mass of cytoplasm, containing multiple nuclei (supercell)

- Plasmodium slime

Plant

- Eukaryotic

- Cellulose

- Autotroph

Evolution of Plants

Green algae  embryo formation  mosses and relatives  true water conducting tissue  ferns  development seeds  cone bearing plants  flowers + fruit  flowering plants

Reproduction - Alteration of Generations

Gametophyte (n = 1 sets of chromosomes) -> sperm + egg  sporophyte (2n = 2 sets of chromosomes)  spores ...

Animalia

- Eukaryotic

- No cell walls

- Multicellular

- Heterotrophs

- Motile (able to move)

- Blastua at embryological development (hollow ball of cells)

- Each species has unique body plan

- Cells, tissue, organs, systems, organism

- Asymmetrical - no symmetry, radial symmetry - like a pie, bilateral - split in half

- Cephalization - distinct head with sense organs  detect prey and direction of movement

- Blasopore - first blastula opening

- Protosome - blastopore is mouth

- Deuterosome - anus

- Segments - numerous repeating parts

- Limbs - external appendages

- Vertebrates - backbone

- Invertebrates - no backbone

Phylogenic Tree of Animals

Porifera: Sponges - amoeboctyles produce protein called spongin for structural support. Sessil.

Cnidaria: Jellyfish - disgestive sac gives body shape

Platyhelminths: Flatworms - true muscle tissue

Nematoda: roundworms - exoskeleton called cuticle. Thrashing movements.

Annelida: Segmented worms - fluid filled compartments. Circular and longitudinal muscles

Mollusca: Snail - shell, muscular foot

Anthropda: Spiders - exoskeleton, muscles attacked to knobs of interior exoskeleton

Echinodermata: Sea stars - exoskeleton of plates, water vascular system

Biodiversity

Keystone species - disproportional effect on environment

Genetic - all genes in a species

Species - variety of species in an aera

Ecosystem - range of habitats + organisms also "walking ecosystem"

Taxonomy - science of naming, classifying and identifying psecies

Binomial Nomenclature - Genus