Ethical Consideration at Biological Level of Analysis

The main aim of genetic research in humans is to identify particular genes involved in hereditary diseases. For example, in recent years genetic tests are being done during pregnancy to see if a baby has certain disease and if possible follow diets during pregnancy to reduce the risk and severity(like PKU) However, there are many ethical implications that are being brought forth as research is discovering the role of genes in determining our behavior and identify specific genes associated with risk for diseases and disorders. The top issue being access to info about genetic heritage.

- Individual may find out about a genetic predisposition to a disorder/ behavior, which may cause psychological harm and stress to them, because they might not be ready to deal with it

- Insurance companies may withhold the availability of life insurance to those people

- People may face discrimination in search for unemployment due to lower IQ or psychological/genetic disorders in fear of productivity

- Participants may find out about misattributed paternity or unrevealed adoptions within a family that might cause psychological harm

To avoid or reduce danger to participants in genetic research, the following guidelines should be followed.

- Participants should always know how their privacy and confidentiality will be protected. This can be done through coding information or anonymization. In coding information, a code is assigned to each set of data obtained, to which only few researchers have access for. In anonymization, data will be anonymously coded so that neither the researcher nor participant knows which results match specific DNA sample. However, the second process prevents follow-up and further investigation, which can have the potential to lead breakthrough discoveries.

- Participants should always know how the genetic material or information obtained will be used. To what purpose it will serve?

- Participants should be aware of the aim and the procedure of the study. It should be explained in a language that they will be most comfortable in to avoid deceiving or misunderstanding. Participants should sign a consent paper to show that they have a clear understanding of the study - including the implications for any potential harm.

- Some groups may have objections to genetic study as a cultural principle - due to discriminative history. It is very important to consult with relevant community leaders and organizations and obtain consent.

- Counseling services should be offered for participants to deal with psychological harm that might have occurred in relation to genetic findings

- Researchers must repeat the test to confirm the result as reporting inaccurate info could lead