Philosophy
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Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]
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Philosophy
(Plato, Confucius, Avicenna)
Philosophers[show]
Aestheticians * Epistemologists
Ethicists * Logicians
Metaphysicians
Social and political philosophers
Traditions[show]
Analytic * Continental
Eastern * Islamic
Platonic * Scholastic
Eras[show]
Ancient * Medieval
Modern * Contemporary
Literature[show]
Aesthetics * Epistemology
Ethics * Logic * Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Branches[show]
Aesthetics * Epistemology
Ethics * Logic * Metaphysics
Social philosophy
Political philosophy
Lists[show]
Index * Outline * Theories
Glossary * Philosophy of religion *
Philosophers
Portal
v * d * e
The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David (1787). The painting depicts the philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock.
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right): detail from The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio, 1509Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]
Contents [hide]
1 Branches of philosophy
2 History
2.1 Ancient philosophy
2.1.1 Babylonian
2.1.2 Ancient Chinese
2.1.3 Ancient Graeco-Roman
2.1.4 Ancient Indian
2.1.5 Ancient Persian
2.2 5th - 16th centuries
2.2.1 Europe
2.2.1.1 Medieval
2.2.1.2 Renaissance
2.2.2 East Asia
2.2.2.1 Mid-Imperial China
2.2.2.2 Japanese
2.2.2.3 Korean
2.2.3 Middle East
2.2.3.1 Islamic
2.3 17th-21st centuries
2.3.1 Europe
2.3.1.1 Early modern philosophy
2.3.1.2 19th-century philosophy
2.3.1.3 20th-century philosophy
3 Etymology
4 Main theories
4.1 Realism and nominalism
4.2 Rationalism and empiricism
4.3 Skepticism
4.4 Idealism
4.5 Pragmatism
4.6 Phenomenology
4.7 Existentialism
4.8 Structuralism and post-structuralism
4.9 The analytic tradition
5 Moral and political philosophy
5.1 Human nature and political legitimacy
5.2 Consequentialism, deontology, and the aretaic turn
6 Applied philosophy
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Introductions
9.2 Topical introductions
9.3 Anthologies
9.4 Reference works
10 External links
Branches of philosophyThe following branches are the main areas of study:
Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and body, substance and accident, events and causation. Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology.
Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification.
Ethics, or "moral philosophy", is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature
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