Production and Operation Management

INTRODUCTION

Quality is about addressing the necessities and desires of clients. In manufacturing department, quality is a measure of magnificence or a condition of being free from imperfections, inadequacies and huge varieties. It is realized by strict and steady responsibility to commit measures that accomplish consistency of an item so as to fulfill particular client or client necessities.

In order to ensure that the organization's items and administrations meet the required quality benchmarks, large entities have a separate quality assurance department. These substantial organizations give a great deal of thoughtfulness regarding quality since they realize that the nature of the item or administration that they give at last affects their image. Quality items help to keep up consumer loyalty and dedication and decrease the hazard and cost of replacing faulty products.

Quality Management guarantees expanded incomes and higher efficiency for the association. On the off chance that an association is profiting, the members of the work force are likewise gaining. Employees are disappointed just when their pay rates or different installments are not discharged on time. In spite of the fact that cash is a solid inspiring variable, it could be demotivating when compensations are not paid on time. Compensations are discharged on time just when there is free cash flow. Implementing Quality management tools guarantee high client devotion and expanded income which leads to a communicative and healthy working environment.

Quality management helps associations to decrease waste and stock. It empowers employees to work meticulously with suppliers and enables work to be done on time. Quality administration also guarantees close coordination between employees of an association. It instills a solid unity and team effort among the workers.

Therefore, in order to tackle the most fundamentals problem that relates to the quality control of a product or a service, most organizations use the basic tools of quality which are the fixed set of graphical techniques. These tools help to can be used differently according to situation and can be used in many ways. The 8 tools of quality are listed in the following manner:

• Cause and Effect diagram
• Check Sheet Template
• Control Chart
• Histogram
• Pareto Chart
• Scatter Diagram
• Flow chart
• Run chart

TOOLS OF QUALITY

Flowcharts

The flowchart is a set of steps in sequential order to show the steps required in the production of a good and service. The Flowchart is used to develop understanding of how a process is done and help in identifying points where failures may occur.

[pic 1]

(Diagram 1)

The diagram 2 above shows an example of a flow chart that shows the process of how an organization deals with their supply and demand of their goods.

Check Sheet

The check sheet is a handy tool for both qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analysis that is represented in sequence of steps or events in a specific order.

[pic 2]

(Diagram 2)

The information gathered as in Diagram 2 can be analyzed and gathered more than once by a similar individual or at same area to know the recurrence or examples of occasions, issues, or even imperfections.

Cause and Effect Diagram

The cause and effect diagram is also known as Ishikawa Diagram.  It is a visualization tool for categorizing the potential causes of a problem to identify its root of causes. It can be used as a brainstorming session as a road map to verify picture of the process.

(Diagram 3)

The cause and effect diagram is commonly referred to as Fish Bone Diagram due to their shape. Sometimes just performing the fishbone diagram will enable the problem to be resolved by understanding.

Histogram

A histogram is a commonly utilized diagram that shows the frequency distributions. It looks especially like a bar chart, however there are vital contrasts between them.[pic 3]

(Diagram 4)

Not only does a histogram chart help to analyze which process need improvement but it also helps to track the particular improvement. The shape and size of the scattering will help distinguish the hidden variables in the resources.

Pareto Chart

[pic 4]

(Diagram 5)

Diagram 5 shows a Pareto chart that shows the quantity of defects. Pareto analysis assists graphically so the critical issues rise up out of the general foundation. It is arranged from the longest to shortest from left to right. Pareto chart is used when there are many problems and an organization wants to focus on the most significant issue.

Control Chart

The control chart is a graph that is plotted in time order. Data are plotted in such order to analyze the change in data over a period of time. In the control chart, the upper line represents the upper control limit and the lower line represents the lower control limit. The central line represents the average. These lines are resolved from recorded information. Conclusions can be drawn by comparing current data to these lines to whether the process variation is in control or not.

[pic 5]

(Diagram 6)

Scatter Diagram

The scatter diagram is used to investigate the possible relationship between two variables.

[pic 6]

Diagram 7

The dots representing the data will cluster together in a line which shows that there are variables correlated. In the event that the factors are related, when one changes the other presumably likewise changes. The more the dots are clustered together the more the variables are interconnected.

Run Chart

A run chart helps to monitor special causes of variation in processes such as analyzing trends and cycles.