Science Packet

A Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene. This occurs when a DNA strand is damaged or changed which changes the genetic instruction carried by that gene. Mutations that alter changes in sequence can have no effect, change the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly.

Deletion removes one or more nucleotides from the DNA and doesn't get changed back because of the breaking of a DNA sequence. (Amplification), causes many copies of all chromosomal regions.

Chromosomal inversion reverses the orientation of a chromosomal segment. While chromosomal translocation is the interchange of genetic parts from non-homologous chromosomes. An example of a mutation disorder is sickle-cell anemia which changes the shape of red blood cells and instead of being a doughnut shaped cell it is sickle shaped and cannot receive oxygen as efficiently

Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene they can occur when they are inherited from a parent or during a person's lifetime.

Point mutation is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single based nucleotide with DNA or RNA.

Frame shift mutation A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein produced is.